Arie Rip of the University of Twente gave a STEPS Centre Manifesto Seminar on February 19 2009 entitles 'Putting the K back in: Knowledge, Research and Innovation Systems'. Analysis of science, technology and innovation in terms of a national research or innovation system is a starting point for policy making, as well as policy implementation. There is a risk, however, that some national research or innovation systems become a model for other countries. This paper starts by offering a broader analysis of the dynamics of “modern” (i.e. OECD-countries, since 1870) research and innovation systems, which opens up the possibility of other paths of development. Considering recent changes in “modern” research and innovation systems, as well as actual dynamics and needs of developing countries, it is clear that research captures only part what is important. Knowledge has to be recognized as an integral element, and institutionalized science then becomes one form of knowledge production. The paper argues that in this way, developing countries might actually create centres of excellence & relevance that can compete globally. Find out more at: http://www.steps-centre.org/manifesto/index.html Less