History's lessons point to a radical method of war-fighting and peace-making, quite different from what the U.S. currently has in play. As Rod Serling used to say, "submitted for your approval."
Lessons from Alexander, the Brits, the Russians. What qualities make tribal fighters such formidable opponents—and how can they be beaten?
What qualities define tribes? Warrior pride, hostility to all outsiders, perpetual warfare, the obligation of revenge, suppression of women, a code of honor rather than a system of laws, extreme conservatism, unity with the land, patience and capacity for hatred.
Citizen = Western. Tribesman = Eastern. These are two different breeds of cat, who see the world in diametrically opposed ways. Can we Westerners impose "citizen values" on a tribal society?
The real enemy in Afghanistan isn't Islamism or jihadism. It's tribalism. Mr. Pressfield compares Alexander the Great's Afghan campaign (330-327 BC) to our own wars today.